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Niger, officially the Republic of Niger, is a non-coastal country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It margins Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. The capital city is Niamey.Its geographic organizes are latitude 16°N and longitude 8°E. Niger is similar in size to Angola. Niger is a landlocked nation in West Africa situated along the border among the Sahara and Sub-Saharan regions. Its region is 1,267,000 square kilo metres (489,000 sq mi) of which 300 square kilo metres (115 sq mi) is water. This creates Niger slightly less than twice the size of the U.S. state of Texas, and the world's twenty-second largest country (after Chad). Capital and largest city is Niamey, the location on map is 13°32′N, 2°05′E, the official language is French, the country was declared independent from France on August 3, 1960, the GDP (PPP) Per capita as per 2007 estimate is $700. The Currency of the country is West African CFA franc (XOF).

The Tuareg and Hausa recognized states in the late middle Ages, and the region was conquered by the Songhai and Bornu empires in the 16th century. Niger came under the French sphere of influence after the Conference of Berlin (1884-1885) and was made a separate colony within French West Africa in 1922. It achieved independence in 1960. Niger was under French control from the 1880s to 1960, when it gained full independence.

The flag forms one of the authorized national symbols of the Republic of Niger, with the coat of arms of Niger, the National Anthem ("la Nigérienne"), the crest (used in the center of the coat of arms), and the devise: "Fraternité, Travail, Progrès". The flag of Niger has three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small orange disk (representing the sun) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band.